Maria Montessori is the founder of the globally renowned Montessori pedagogy, one of the most popular educational methods, which has attracted increasing interest from scientists, pedagogues, teachers, educators, and parents since the very beginning. Today, Maria Montessori's revolutionary educational concept, created in the 20th century, represents a prototype of modern education that meets the developmental needs of children on the one hand, while also fulfilling the requirements imposed by the modern structure of society on the other hand. It is a pedagogical concept that places the child as an individual human being with innate potential at the forefront, without hindering the child's development and innate abilities with unnecessary interference. This innate potential is gradually and spontaneously developed with the unobtrusive assistance of caregivers – parents, educators, and teachers – and a prepared environment that enables the child to absorb knowledge, abilities, and skills. Raising a child according to the principles of Montessori pedagogy aims to foster independence, self-reliance, and responsibility. Such upbringing is possible and desirable both in the parents' home and in the educational institution where the child resides with the caregivers having acquired the necessary knowledge. This paper describes the life and work of Maria Montessori, the history, and the fundamental principles and theses on which Montessori pedagogy is based. The aim of this paper is to outline and describe the application of the fundamental principles and theses of Montessori pedagogy on concrete examples of children's activities in their parents' home and/or in kindergarten.