Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important bread wheat in Croatia and the world and is grown on large areas. It is one of the oldest agricultural crops because its cultivation dates back to the distant past. It is widespread in the world due to the possibility of adapting to different agroecological conditions. The aim of the final work was to describe the morphological characteristics and ecological conditions of wheat cultivation with emphasis on the most important wheat mycoses and the possibilities of their control. During cultivation, it is attacked by various pathogens (fungi, bacteria, viruses). Significant fungal diseases or mycoses of wheat are: take-all root rot (Gaeumannomyces graminis), leaf spot and brown spot of glume blotch (Phaeosphaeria nodorum), blotch of wheat leaves (Mycosphaerella graminicola), powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis), head blight of wheat (Fusarium graminearum), black (stem) wheat rust (Puccinia graminis), brown (leaf) wheat rust (Puccinia recondita), yellow (stripe) wheat rust (Puccinia striiformis), wheat bunt (Tilletia tritici) loose smut (Ustilago tritici). These diseases can be prevented and, after their appearance, treated with proper care and timely application of various plant protection measures. Certainly, the most important preventive measures are agro-technical, among which adherence to crop rotation is one of the basic ones. Both physical and mechanical and chemical are possible and should be used only when necessary, in accordance with the principles of integrated plant protection.